![]() The recycling process for the spent LIBs is generally comprised of physical and chemical processes. In particular, it is important to recover cobalt and lithium from an economic viewpoint because of their resource scarcity and cost. Moreover, trace impurities such as zinc, magnesium, calcium, and sodium can emerge during the LIB recycling process. Spent LIBs contain considerable impurities such as iron, aluminum, and copper, in addition to the valuable metals included in the cathode active materials, such as lithium, nickel, and cobalt. Because there are many valuable metals in cathode active materials from the spent LIBs, they must be disposed of safely and properly due to their hazardous effects on human health and the environment. The development of the EV industry has inevitably led to the generation of large amounts of spent LIBs. In particular, the explosive growth of the EV market has led to an increase in the production of LIBs. Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are suitable for portable IT devices, energy storage systems, and electric vehicles (EVs) due to their excellent electrochemical performance, related to their long cycling life and high energy density. Therefore, iron and aluminum, which are usually considered as impurities in the recycling of LIBs, could be used as doping elements for enhancing the electrochemical performance of resynthesized cathode active materials. On the other hand, the rate capability of NMCFA shows high discharge capacities at 7 C (110 mAh g −1) and 10 C (74 mAh g −1), comparable to the values for NMC at 5 C (111 mAh g −1) and 7 C (79 mAh g −1), respectively, due to the widened interslab thickness of NMCFA which facilitates the movement of lithium ions in a 2D channel. Trace amounts of iron and aluminum do not affect the morphology, the formation of O3-type layered structures, or the redox peak. The effects of iron and aluminum on the physicochemical and electrochemical properties were investigated and compared with NMC. In this study, we synthesized the cathode active materials LiO 2 (NMC) and LiO 2 (NMCFA) via hydroxide co-precipitation and calcination processes, which simulate the resynthesis of NMC in leachate containing trace amounts of iron and aluminum from spent LIBs. As the explosive growth of the electric vehicle market leads to an increase in spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), the disposal of LIBs has also made headlines. ![]()
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